Is The Makeup Revoluition Jewel Pattere Made In China?
| Precious coral | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Octocorallia |
| Order: | Alcyonacea |
| Family: | Coralliidae |
| Genus: | Corallium Cuvier, 1798 |
| Species | |
| 31 species, see text | |
Precious coral, or red coral, is the common name given to a genus of marine corals, Corallium . The distinguishing characteristic of precious corals is their durable and intensely colored red or pink-orange skeleton, which is used for making jewelry.
Habitat [edit]
Red corals grow on rocky seabottom with low sedimentation, typically in dark environments—either in the depths or in nighttime caverns or crevices. The original species, C. rubrum (formerly Gorgonia nobilis), is found mainly in the Mediterranean Bounding main. It grows at depths from x to 300 meters beneath sea level, although the shallower of these habitats have been largely depleted by harvesting.[1] In the underwater caves of Alghero, Sardinia (the "Coral Riviera") information technology grows at depth from four to 35 meters. The same species is also institute at Atlantic sites near the Strait of Gibraltar, at the Cape verde Islands and off the declension of southern Portugal.[1] Other Corallium species are native to the western Pacific, notably effectually Japan and Taiwan;[2] these occur at depths of 350 to 1500 meters below sea level in areas with strong currents.[1]
Anatomy [edit]
In common with other Alcyonacea, ruby corals have the shape of small leafless bushes and abound up to a meter in height. Their valuable skeleton is equanimous of intermeshed spicules of hard calcium carbonate, colored in shades of crimson by carotenoid pigments.[one] In living specimens, the skeletal branches are overlaid with soft bright ruby integument, from which numerous retractable white polyps protrude.[iii] The polyps exhibit octameric radial symmetry.
Species [edit]
The following are known species in the genus:[4]
- Corallium abyssale Bayer, 1956
- Corallium bathyrubrum Simpson & Watling, 2011
- Corallium bayeri Simpson & Watling, 2011
- Corallium borneanse Bayer
- Corallium boshuense Kishinouye, 1903
- Corallium carusrubrum Tu, Dai & Jeng, 2012
- Corallium ducale Bayer
- Corallium elatius Ridley, 1882
- Corallium gotoense Nonaka, Muzik & Iwasaki, 2012
- Corallium halmaheirense Hickson, 1907
- Corallium imperiale Bayer
- Corallium johnsoni Greyness, 1860
- Corallium kishinouyei Bayer, 1996
- Corallium konojoi Kishinouye, 1903
- Corallium laauense Bayer, 1956
- Corallium maderense (Johnson, 1899)
- Corallium medea Bayer, 1964
- Corallium niobe Bayer, 1964
- Corallium niveum Bayer, 1956
- Corallium occultum Tzu-Hsuan Tu et al., 2015
- Corallium porcellanum Pasternak, 1981
- Corallium pusillum Kishinouye, 1903
- Corallium regale Bayer, 1956
- Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Corallium secundum Dana, 1846
- Corallium sulcatum Kishinouye, 1903
- Corallium taiwanicum Tu, Dai & Jeng, 2012
- Corallium tricolor (Johnson, 1899)
- Corallium uchidai Nonaka, Muzik & Iwasaki, 2012
- Corallium vanderbilti Boone, 1933
- Corallium variabile (Thomson & Henderson, 1906)
As a gemstone [edit]
The hard skeleton of red coral branches is naturally matte, only can exist polished to a glassy shine.[two] It exhibits a range of warm blood-red pinkish colors from pale pink to deep red; the give-and-take coral is too used to name such colors. Owing to its intense and permanent coloration and glossiness, precious coral skeletons take been harvested since antiquity for decorative use. Coral jewellery has been found in ancient Egyptian and prehistoric European burials,[iii] and continues to exist fabricated to the present day. It was especially popular during the Victorian age.[5]
Precious coral has hardness 3.5 on the Mohs scale.[6] Due to its softness and opacity, coral is usually cut en cabochon, or used to brand beads.[7]
History of merchandise [edit]
Red coral precious raw gemstone
At the outset of the 1st millennium, there was significant merchandise in coral between the Mediterranean and India, where it was highly prized as a substance believed to be endowed with mysterious sacred backdrop. Pliny the Elder remarks that, before the dandy need from India, the Gauls used it for the decoration of their weapons and helmets; but by this period, so dandy was the Eastern demand, that information technology was very rarely seen even in the regions which produced it. Among the Romans, branches of coral were hung around children's necks to preserve them from danger from the exterior, and the substance had many medicinal virtues attributed to it. The belief in coral's potency equally a amuse continued throughout the Eye Ages and early in 20th century Italy it was worn equally a protection from the evil eye, and by women every bit a cure for infertility.
From the Middle Ages onward, the securing of the right to the coral fisheries off the African coasts was the object of considerable rivalry amongst the Mediterranean communities of Europe.
The story of the Torre del Greco is and then interwoven with that of the coral then equally to found an inseparable pair, and is documented every bit early on as the fifteenth century. In 1790 the Royal Society of Coral was established in the town of Torre del Greco, with the idea of working and selling coral fish. This shows that the coral fishing flourished for many years in the city.[ commendation needed ]
It was too enacted December 22, 1789, by Ferdinand IV of Bourbon Code coral (prepared past the Neapolitan jurist Michael Florio), with the intent to regulate the coral fishing in those years starring, in addition to the sailors Torre del Greco, the locals and those in Trapani This regulation did non take the expected success. From 1805, when he founded the first factory for the manufacturing of coral in Torre del Greco (past Paul Bartholomew Martin, but with French Genoese origin), the golden historic period for the manufacturing of coral in the city situated on the slopes of the Vesuvius started, because working together with the coral fishing was increasingly under the control of Torre del Greco fishermen. Since 1875, the Torre del Greco began working with the Sciacca coral and a schoolhouse for the manufacturing of coral was congenital in 1878 in the city (which closed in 1885 to reopen in 1887), with which in 1933 established a museum of the coral. And so came the fourth dimension of processing of Japanese coral establish in the markets of Chennai and Kolkata.[ citation needed ]
Other story instead a brusk period the Tunisian fisheries were secured past Charles V for Spain; only the monopoly soon cruel into the easily of the French, who held the correct until the Revolutionary government in 1793 threw the trade open. For a short period (about 1806) the British government controlled the fisheries, simply this after returned to the hands of the French authorities. Before the French Revolution much of the coral trade was centred in Marseille, but then largely moved to Italy, where the procuring of the raw textile and the working of it was centring in Naples, Rome and Genoa.[8]
In culture [edit]
The origin of coral is explained in Greek mythology past the story of Perseus. Having petrified Cetus, the ocean monster threatening Andromeda, Perseus placed Medusa's head on the riverbank while he washed his hands. When he recovered her head, he saw that her blood had turned the seaweed (in some variants the reeds) into red coral. Thus, the Greek word for coral is 'Gorgeia', as Medusa was one of the three Gorgons.[9]
Poseidon resided in a palace fabricated of coral and gems, and Hephaestus first crafted his work from coral.
The Romans believed coral could protect children from harm, also every bit cure wounds made by snakes and scorpions and diagnose diseases by changing colour.
- In Hindu astrology red coral is associated with the planet Mars or Graha-Mangala and used for pleasing Mars. It should be worn on the ring finger.
- A co-operative of scarlet coral figures prominently in the civic coat of arms of the town of Alghero, Italy.
- In Islam coral is mentioned equally one of the gems in paradise.
- Amid the Yoruba and Bini peoples of Westward Africa, cherry precious coral jewellery (necklaces, wristlets and anklets most peculiarly) are signifiers of high social rank, and are worn as a result past titled kings and chieftains.
Conservation [edit]
Intensive line-fishing, specially in shallow waters, has damaged this species along the Mediterranean coastline, where colonies at depths of less than l metres are much diminished. Fishing and at present climate modify threaten their persistence. The iii oldest Mediterranean marine protected areas—Banyuls, Carry-le-Rouet and Scandola, off the island of Corsica—all host substantial populations of C. rubrum. Since protection was established, colonies accept grown in size and number at shallow and deeper depths.[10] [11]
See too [edit]
- Coral Jewellery Museum
- Black coral; also sometimes used as ornamental material
- Amber
- Pearl
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d "Corallium species". ARKive. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007. Retrieved February xv, 2007.
- ^ a b "Gemstones: Coral". Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ a b "Red Coral". Marenostrum . Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Corallium Cuvier, 1798". Marinespecies.org. Dec 21, 2004. Retrieved October ix, 2013.
- ^ Anderson, Katharine (2008). "Coral Jewellery". Victorian Review. 34 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1353/vcr.2008.0008. JSTOR 41220397. S2CID 201782824.
- ^ "Jewelry Fundamental". Retrieved Feb 15, 2007.
- ^ Balzan, Francesca; Deidun, Alan (2010). "Notes for a history of coral fishing and coral artefacts in Malta - The Significance of Coral: Apotropaic, Medical, Symbolic, Precious". In Joseph F. Grima (ed.). 60th ceremony of the Malta Historical Society: a commemoration. Zabbar: Veritas Press. pp. 435–454. ISBN978-99932-0-942-3. OCLC 779340904. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 131.
- ^ "Ovid's Metamorphoses". Metamorphoses . Retrieved November vi, 2014.
- ^ "Marine protected areas conserve Mediterranean red coral". Sciencedaily.com. May 11, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
- ^ Linares, C.; Bianchimani, O.; Torrents, O.; Marschal, C.; Drap, P.; Garrabou, J. (2010). "Marine Protected Areas and the conservation of long-lived marine invertebrates: The Mediterranean ruby coral". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 402: 69. Bibcode:2010MEPS..402...69L. doi:10.3354/meps08436. hdl:10261/79508.
External links [edit]
- Red coral media from ARKive
- International Colored Gemstone Association Extensive info on gemstone coral and jewelry photos
- American Gem Trade Association Information on coral every bit a gemstone
- Mediterranean red coral: research team International Research Squad on Mediterranean red coral (Accessed xv March 2007)
- Corallium rubrum, Nutrient and Agriculture Organization of the United nations
- Photos of Precious coral on Sealife Collection
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_coral
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